Speaking of water safety, we must first consider whether the water source is toxic, and determine whether the water source is toxic. We can inquire and observe the upper reaches of water sources such as pools and rivers, whether there are mines and factories that emit toxic substances, and pay attention to collecting maps and human activities. The elements are roughly judged. It can also be judged by observing the specific conditions of water sources at close range. Usually muddy and watery with a lot of foamy water should pay attention; the color of water is opaque and clear and has different colors, and such turbidity is not due to turbidity and strangeness and odor that occur after heavy rain, be sure to be vigilant when taking water and water!
Observe the growth of plants on the banks of the river and on the waterside, judge the growth of animals in the water, such as fishes and frogs; the plants on the banks of the river and the ponds are lush, the fish swim in the water, and the basic water sources are not Big problem. You can even use your hand to take some water, use your nose to smell if there is odor; can not be sure, you can also apply some on the lips, or the skin more tender and sensitive areas, wait no less than 30 minutes to see if there will be itching Wait for uncomfortable symptoms, and then determine if you can use it safely. For riverbanks, waterside dead animals, or growing plants lodging and withering, water also plays a role in the distribution of odor water, be sure to carefully identify, even if the need for water, must also be carefully checked and confirmed before they can determine whether you can use .
Water treatment
In outdoor sports, the water we find may not always be clean. It may seem clean water, but it may also be contaminated, such as animal corpses, feces, parasites, and heavy ions. Some waters may also have a large number of protozoa such as bacteria and amoeba. After finding the water source, it is best not to rush to drink. The water source should be cleaned and disinfected as necessary to prevent water poisoning or infection. In the wild, that is, when there is no reliable drinking water and no inspection equipment, we can identify water quality based on the color, taste, temperature, and water traces of water.
Pure water is colorless and transparent when the water layer is shallow, and light blue when it is deep. You can use glass or white porcelain bowl to observe the water, usually the better the water, the better the water quality; the more water, the more water contains the impurities. The color of the water varies with pollution, such as the yellow color of the humus, the green color of the low-valent compound, the yellow-brown color of the high-valent iron or manganese, and the light blue color of the hydrogen sulfide.
Generally, clean water is odorless, and contaminated water often has some odors. For example, water containing hydrogen sulfide has an egg smell, salty water has a salty taste, and iron-containing water has a metallic rust taste. Water containing magnesium sulfate has a bitter taste, and water containing organic substances has spoilage, odor, mildew, sputum, and medicinal smell. In order to accurately identify the smell of water, you can use a clean vial, put a half bottle of water, shake it up, smell it immediately after opening the stopper, and place the water bottle in hot water at about 60°C. If you smell something strange in the water, you can't drink it. Of course, under normal circumstances, the probability of the disease being caused by the water flowing in a mountain spring or stream that has fish movements is not high. After finding it in the wild, it must be purified before drinking.
Here are some simple and feasible field water treatment methods
1. Boiling method
Boiling is a common and often effective method of rubbish. At an altitude of 2500 m or less, boiling water is an excellent method of disinfecting water, and it is simple and practical. In plain outings or picnics, this method is used to sterilize rivers, lakes, streams, rain, dew, and snow to ensure the need for drinking water and cooking. If you are above 3000m above sea level, the boiling time should be longer. Because of the high altitude, the boiling point of water will be reduced, which is not conducive to sterilization. About 5000m above sea level, boil for 10 minutes.
2. Precipitation
Collect the water in a water container such as a pot or pot. Put a small amount of alum and stir it well. After about 1 hour of precipitation, you will get clear drinking water. Toothpaste has a strong sedimentation effect on suspended solids in water. Squeezing a small amount of toothpaste in the water, and stirring after precipitation also has the same effect. Precipitation can also be used in conjunction with boiling, boiling to eliminate pathogens, and precipitation to remove suspended matter.
3, adsorption method
Activated carbon has a strong adsorption effect on suspended solids and heavy metals in water. The activated carbon in water can effectively purify water. You can also use the remaining charcoal at the point of fire. Pay attention to the selection of charcoal when choosing relatively strong, otherwise the purified water must be filtered before drinking. Due to conditions, it is also possible to purify potable drinking water with some mucilage-containing wild plants. Such as the roots and stems of shrubs, the skin, leaves, roots of eucalyptus, the branches and skins of kapok, the whole plants of immortals and Bawang whip, the skin and leaves of water ying rong, all contain mucilage, and they all contain sugar polymer compounds. . These plants and the calcium, iron, lead, magnesium and other more than two or more of the metal salt solution station, the formation of flocculent, in the precipitation process can absorb suspended solids sinking, play a role in the purification of muddy water. With wild plant water, it is best to pick fresh plants and pulverize them.
4, filtration method
When the source of the water is relatively cloudy and there are suspended matter, eggs, worms, and insect larvae, the filtration method can be used to purify the water. You can make a filter with stockings, hand posts, etc. After a few repetitions, you can get relative to the net water. It's best to make a filter: cut off the bottom of the bottle with a bottle of mineral water and pour the bottle down, tighten the charcoal, fine sand, charcoal and fine sand in turn. Dump the unclean water into a self-made simple filter, and collect the filtered clean water with a basin or a kettle when the water under the filter is pumped out. If the filtered water is not satisfactory to you, repeat it. There is no water bottle, but other similar containers can also be used. The key is that sand and charcoal should be alternately placed and compacted. This is the same principle that is commonly used in outdoor sports. Such filters can also be made using bamboo tubes and bark.
5. Sinking Law
Found that there are suspended matters in the water source or the water quality is cloudy or when drinking water from rivers or lakes. You can dig a land 2-3m away from the water source, allowing the water to naturally seep into the pit. The water oozing from the pit is much cleaner than the water extracted directly from the river and lake.
6. Drug law
When the source of water in the wild is not assured and there is no time for other methods of purification, the simplest and most convenient method is to disinfect the drug. Now there are products "water pills", one can sterilize 2L of water. In addition, iodine, iodine, bleach, bleach can also play a role in disinfection. Add 2 drops of iodine or bleach to each liter of water to make sure that you can drink it in half an hour. However, the disinfected water will have a little uncomfortable taste. The above methods can often be used interchangeably with better results.
In general, spring water, well water, dark water, rainwater, and raw river water can be directly consumed. Reservoir water, lake water, stream water, pool water, snow water, etc. should be treated and then consumed. For cooking, reservoir water, stream water, and snow conservancy generally colored river water can be used directly. In the primeval forest, the surface of many streams and rivers looks clear and clean. The actual death of India contains a variety of harmful germs. Once drunk, people will suffer from serious diseases such as dysentery and malaria.
Remember, no matter how thirsty, do not drink unclean water to prevent germs from entering the body through drinking water. This is especially important in tropical jungles. As a last resort, be sure to boil and drink again.
No matter what method you use to purify your drinking water, pay attention to your physical reactions within a few hours of drinking. If abdominal pain, bloating, or diarrhea are found, start with treatment on the one hand and correct your water treatment on the other, or look for water again.
